IRAK1 and lobular neoplasia: Accumulating evidence implicates NF-κB in the pathogenesis of LN including podocyte injury,25 and NF-κB-mediated cytokine expression has been highlighted in non-response.19 Variants of several genes in TLR/ NF-κB signalling are associated with LN, including TLR 3/7/9, MYD88, IRAK1, TNFAIP3 and TNIP1,26 but this is the first time that NF-κB has been attributed to class IV LN.