A study revealed that blockade of inducible costimulatory molecule ligand (ICOSL) on DCs reduced priming of antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from naïve donors in vitro and that dysregulated NF-κB-dependent ICOSL expression in human DC vaccines impaired T cell responses in patients with melanoma, which supports the implementation of targeted strategies to augment these pathways for improved immunotherapeutic outcomes in patients with cancer [100]. The gene discussed is ICOSLG; the disease is melanoma.