Interestingly, a Phase 2 trial of tocilizumab (a humanized monoclonal antibody against the IL-6 receptor) in ALS (NCT02469896) assessed both mRNA profiling of PBMCs and CRP expression in blood and CSF, and although the transcriptomic readout was inadequate as a pharmacodynamic (or predictive) biomarker [84], the CRP levels were significantly altered by the treatment and may function as a pharmacodynamic biomarker. The gene discussed is CRP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.