Other predictive markers such as the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression level, the tumor mutational burden (TMB), and the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection status could be used to guide clinical application, the ability of these factors to predict the treatment outcomes of immunotherapy is controversial due to lack of an optimal efficacy-related cutoff value or low detection rates [3, 4]. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.