HIF1A and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation: It is known that the early stage of CAVD, defined by the recruitment of immune cells and subsequent sclerosis of the valve leaflets, is characterized by reduced oxygen availability and this activates transcriptional signatures dependent on the hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and 2α (HIF-2α) activity.