So far, pro-inflammatory factors such as LPS or IL-1β and TNFα were reported to upregulate PTPRG in astrocytoma cell line or astrocyte culture (Schumann et al., 1998; Lorenzetto et al., 2014) and also appear to associate to specific myeloid lineages, such as the differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells (Lissandrini et al., 2006). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).