Furthermore, as transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is the principal pro-fibrotic factor in fibroblast activation (Akhurst & Hata, 2012), (Davis & Molkentin, 2014), which played vital roles in cardiac fibrosis (Ma, Iyer, Jung, Czubryt, & Lindsey, 2017), we examined whether the upregulated fibroblast marker genes in HF were involved in cardiac fibrosis. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and hydrops fetalis.