MTOR and lung carcinoma: In addition to STK11/LKB1 mutations (23, 24), mutations in the PI3K (phosphoinositide-3-kinase)-AKT-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway (23), the oncogenes RAS, c-MYC, and master regulator HIF-1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1α), or the tumor suppressor gene TP53 are known to reprogram lung cancer metabolism.