HK2 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Currently, IT is known that HIF signaling is mainly responsible for the dysregulation of six key glycolytic genes in ccRCC, such as GLUT1, HK2, AND LDHA, as well as activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PHD) to prevent pyruvate from being catalyzed as acetyl-CoA into the TCA cycle 9.