In addition, overexpression of HIF-α and activation of TFRC and SLC11A2 drivers contribute to iron uptake and assist the activities of various metabolic enzymes in ccRCC cells, including catalase, desatase and actinase, revealing a possible new mechanism of interaction between VHL/HIF-α axis and ccRCC iron metabolism 28. Here, VHL is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.