MGP and Cowden disease: Endogenous MGP promotes the growth and proliferation of colon cancer cells by increasing the intracellular calcium level and activating the NF-κB pathway (223), while supplementation of exogenous mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived MGP might be a novel important mediator of MSC-mediated immunomodulation in treating CD by alleviating the clinical and histopathological severity of colonic inflammation in mouse experimental colitis models to a remarkable degree (198).