VDR and inflammatory bowel disease: Previous studies demonstrated that VK reduced interleukin (IL)-6 in a murine model of colitis (44); improved the antioxidant capabilities (45); improved intestinal bacteria flora (15); improved intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) (46), and adiponectin (ADPN), the nuclear receptor vitamin D receptor (VDR), and the adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity (15); contributed to blood coagulation in gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) (47); and alleviated IBD (16, 44) and CRC (15).