A significant negative association between serum VD and memory B cells was confirmed in a cohort of SLE patients (162).SLE patients with high anti-dsDNA autoantibodies (338) or renal involvement (339) are at higher risk for developing hypovitaminosis D; and low levels of VD are correlated with high disease activity (161).Polymorphism in VDR genes has been reported in SLE patients (170). Here, VDR is linked to rickets.