The following hypotheses were tested: (i) a greater brain-PAD is associated with a higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score and a higher CD8+CD57+(ILT2+PD-1+) T-cell frequency in PB; (ii) a higher EDSS-score is associated with a higher CD8+CD57+ILT2+PD-1+ T-cell frequency; and (iii) a higher CD8+CD57+ILT2+PD-1+ T-cell frequency combined with a higher brain-PAD is associated with a higher EDSS-score. The gene discussed is LILRB1; the disease is peripheral arterial disease.