This redistribution with fewer channels in the t-tubules, and sometimes more in the crest (depending on the species/HF model), combined with the alterations in t-tubule morphology in HF was linked to reduced expression of caveolin-3 (Bryant et al., 2018a) and has consequences for EC-coupling since the nanodomain Ca2+ signaling and functional coupling between t-tubular CaV1.2 and jSR RyR2 is impaired. This evidence concerns the gene CAV3 and hydrops fetalis.