PTX3 and retinal disorder: In fact, higher PTX3 levels have been documented in the plasma (or serum) of DR patients, compared to that of diabetics with no retinopathy or non-diabetic volunteers (Yang et al., 2014; Zhou and Hu, 2016; Erdenen et al., 2018; Elbana et al., 2019), however these findings have not been recapitulated in other studies (Chodkowski et al., 2018; Hokazono et al., 2018; Güngel et al., 2021).