PTX3 and age-related macular degeneration: In this regard, in an animal model of AMD, genetic deficiency of PTX3 amplified complement activation induced by 4-HNE (a product of lipid peroxidation found in the AMD eye), with increased C3a levels and inflammasome activation, leading to IL-1β production by the RPE, and enhanced accumulation of macrophages in the choroid (Wang et al., 2016).