TNF and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia: In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that PFD may exert anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting transforming growth factor, MMP, and tumor necrosis factor expression (Waller et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2020a), and transforming growth factor and MMPs are closely related to angiogenesis (Pardali et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2018a).