IL32 and malignant colon neoplasm: IL-32 has also been involved in various cancers, including renal cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, lymphoma, osteosarcoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, and thyroid carcinoma (Tsai et al., 2014; Hong et al., 2017; Wen et al., 2019).