Moreover, in a Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammation model in human gingival fibroblasts and a ligature-induced periodontitis model in rats, TSG showed anti-inflammatory effects by enhancing the AMPK activation and sirtuin 1(SIRT1) expression to suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, which was attributed to the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and AMPK as well as the inactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway (Chin et al., 2016). Here, MAPK3 is linked to periodontitis.