The observation that FXR activation results in insulin substrate receptor 1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation on the tyrosine residues in the liver and adipose tissue manifests a prospect application of FXR agonists for the management of patients with insulin resistance to improve insulin sensitivity, indicating that FXR agonists are suitable for T2D (Gadaleta et al., 2015; Han et al., 2016). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.