Moreover, some of the proteins not found to be significantly associated with risk of pancreatic cancer in the analysis of linear associations show monotonic trends with risk (Supplementary Figures S6 and S7, available as Supplementary data at IJE online), such as Galectin 1 [Gal-1], CD40, TNFRSF9 and programmed cell death protein 1 [PDCD1]. Here, CD40 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.