TNF and COVID-19: The signaling pathways driven by IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of COVID-1910, and antibodies against IL-6 receptor have shown early promise, including our own experience9; recent large-scale clinical trials have highlighted the efficacy of tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, in hospitalized COVID-19 patients11.