On the contrary, although the screening of AFP cases is the gold standard to highlight a possible PV circulation and enterovirus surveillance represents a valid support to PV eradication activities, there are two main reasons for the few numbers of NPEVs isolated: the paralysis can be frequently caused by non-infectious diseases, such as Guillain-Barre Syndrome, and the enterovirus surveillance is based on clinical signs and symptoms common to numerous viral and bacterial etiological agents. The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is acquired polycythemia vera.