TNF and severe acute respiratory syndrome: Another in vitro study comparing the levels of cytokines and chemokines released by blood-monocyte-derived macrophages and DCs upon MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV infection demonstrated higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL10 post-MERS-CoV as compared to SARS-CoV, while comparable levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were displayed [62,117].