On the other hand, the ectopic expression of SeV and BPIV3 C proteins inhibits phosphorylation and the dimerization of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) by TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK-1) induced by foreign stimuli, such as Newcastle disease virus infection, poly(I:C) treatment, 5′-triphosphate containing RNA or infection with SeV DI particles [130,131,132]. The gene discussed is TBK1; the disease is infection.