Thus, for genes with higher relative levels of expression in Holstein infected cells: Slit Guidance Ligand 2 (SLIT2), functions in cancer and leukocyte chemotaxis/infiltration [45,46]; Ubiquitin D (UBD/FAT10), operates in protein modification/degradation and activation of pro-inflammatory mediators (reviewed in [47]): GULP1, is involved in phagocytosis [48] and associated with emphysema [49], a clinical symptom of acute theileriosis [50]. Here, UBD is linked to cancer.