Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) form a pro-tumorigenic environment that fosters tumor cell survival, progression and metastasis and directs abnormal vessel growth (Zhou X. et al., 2018; Shang et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.