INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Long-term exposure to HSD could induce numerous physiological changes in Drosophila including obesity (Buescher et al. 2013), insulin resistance (Pasco and Leopold 2012), activated immune response (Yu et al. 2018), disrupted ovarian function (Brookheart et al. 2017), and shortened lifespan (Na et al. 2013).