An elevated ratio is significantly associated with a low risk of developing diabetes (Cheng et al., 2012; Rhee et al., 2018), which primarily occurs through various cell related metabolic events, such as protein synthesis, muscle growth, uropoiesis in the liver, insulin secretion, hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis, neurotransmitter synthesis and glutathione production (Newsholme et al., 2003). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.