NFKB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In the present work, with the in vivo model of LPS/CS-stimulated COPD mice and the in vitro model of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, we assessed the activities of the PLE on COPD airway inflammation and then investigated its underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms via the TLR4/Syk/PKC/NF-κB p65 pathway.