In line with this, DNA damage and neuronal cell death in either En1± mice or a toxicological model of PD (direct injection of 6-hydroxydopamine in the SNpc) could be rescued by anti-LINE-1 strategies such as overexpression of PIWIL1, siRNAs targeting ORF2, or a reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor developed in the context of HIV/AIDS treatment, but also active against the RT enzyme encoded by ORF2p (Dai et al., 2011; Banuelos-Sanchez et al., 2019). Here, PIWIL1 is linked to Parkinson disease.