Cancer cells exhibit different characteristics to adapt to the environment: Some cancer cells could survive under hypoxia or short of nutrients, there PGK1 works as an important rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme or phosphorylates Beclin1 to induce autophagy, supplying energy to cancer cells; while in cancer at an early stage or the cancer cells with plenty of oxygen or nutrient supply, PGK1 instead phosphosphorylates PRAS40 to inhibit autophagy-mediated cell death, promoting tumorigenesis (Fig. 6, S5). Here, PGK1 is linked to cancer.