OPN plays some role in the lower overall and disease-free survival in patients with several cancers, such as hepatocarcinoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, and prostatic carcinoma, as its level is closely correlated with tumour metastasis, grade, poor prognosis, and early tumour recurrence, largely owing to the soluble OPN that engages in paracrine signalling at other tissues39. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and breast cancer.