ERBB2 and cancer: Moreover, the finding that the combined treatment of the EGFR aptamer with anti-HER2 antibodies or the immune-checkpoint anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 mAbs modulators efficiently inhibits the growth of several cancer cell types led us to the construction of bispecific aptamer-antibody conjugates having more potent cytotoxic effects than single agents [41,42] (Figure 3E).