TNF and neoplasm: While M1 macrophages inhibit tumor progression due to the release of tumor-killing molecules such as ROS and NO and immunostimulatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF that have an antitumor effect, M2 macrophages facilitate the progression of the tumors, by promoting tumor invasion and metastases, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor immunosuppression [58,59].