DKK3 and chronic kidney disease: Thus, some potential early biomarkers for CKD have been studied over the years, as reviewed by Shabaka, A., et al. [37], such as Dickkopf-3 (DKK-3), a glycoprotein associated to the degree of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, of which high levels in the urine indicate an elevated risk for a reduction in eGFR within a year [39].