GPX4 and cancer: Mechanism studies show that the bathophenanthroline derivative exhibits high cytotoxicity against different cancer cell lines (IC50 value 0.8–1.5 μM) and can induce both apoptosis and ferroptosis in HeLa cells through mitochondrial damage, caspase cascade, glutathione (GSH) depletion, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inactivation, and lipid peroxidation accumulation [24].