INS and diabetes mellitus: The extracts of O. stamineus, including 50% ethanol extract, chloroform extract, aqueous extract, and hexane extract, could be used to treat diabetes through mechanisms including inhibiting the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, regulating lipid metabolism, promoting insulin secretion, ameliorating insulin resistance, enhancing insulin sensitivity, increasing glucose uptake, promoting glycolysis, inhibiting gluconeogenesis, promoting the secretion of GLP-1, and antiglycation effects.