INS and anemia (phenotype): The glucose-lowering drugs include α-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose, miglitol), insulin sensitizers (metformin, thiazolidinediones, biguanides), insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas), etc. However, most of these medications may have side-effects, including hypoglycemia, weight gain, liver damage, gastrointestinal disturbance, lactic acidosis, edema, headache, dizziness, anemia, nausea, and even death.