CD69 and infection: Treatment with lactoferrin-modified 10 nm AuNPs and 30 nm AgNPs and lactoferrin early after infection led to significant increase in the total counts of CD8 T+ cells (p ≤ 0.05) (Figure 6A), followed by significantly increased total counts of CD8+/CD69+ T cells by lactoferrin-modified 10 nm AuNPs and 30 nm AgNPs (p ≤ 0.05) (Figure 6A).