Adults (≥18 years of age) who had chronic heart failure (functional class II, III, or IV) and -LVEF ≤30% and NT-proBNP ≥600 pg/mL (without AF) and ≥1200 pg/mL (with AF);-LVEF 31–35% and NT-proBNP ≥1000 pg/mL (without AF) and ≥2000 pg/mL (with AF);-LVEF 36–40% and NT-proBNP ≥2500 pg/mL (without AF) and ≥5000 pg/mL (with AF);-LVEF >40% and hospitalization for heart failure in past 12 mo and NT-proBNP ≥600 pg/mL (without AF) and ≥1200 pg/mL (with AF). This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and heart failure.