Previous studies investigating the intestinal gene expression profile in response to C. perfringens infection in chickens have also generally shown increased transcription of TLR2, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 [15,22], while the recognition of a commensal clostridial species, C. butyricum, by human epithelial cells has been suggested to occur via TLR2 [23]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and infection due to clostridium perfringens.