As latent but significant epipharyngitis is present in most patients with IgAN, it is plausible that acute pharyngitis due to airway infection may contribute as a trigger for the epipharyngeal innate immune system, which is already upregulated in the chronically inflamed environment, leading to the upregulation of fractalkine/CX3CR1 interaction, resulting in the rupture of glomerular capillary walls, which is related to worsening hematuria (Figure 9). The gene discussed is CX3CL1; the disease is Hematuria.