CX3CR1 and Hematuria: Given that epipharyngeal T cells, as part of MALT, may behave similarly to tonsillar interfollicular T cells, namely, enhanced expression of CX3CR1 in CD8+T cells and other CXCR1+ cells, we postulate that upregulation of fractalkine/CX3CR1 interactions following activation of innate immunity related to acute epipharyngitis may play a crucial role in glomerular vasculitis, resulting in worsening of hematuria.