STAT3 and malignant glioma: Other than transmembrane growth factor receptors, defects in intracellular signaling pathways, including adenylyl cyclase, Ca2+, Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/phosphatase and Tensin/protein Kinase B/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR), Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (Stat3), Ras, p53, and Rb have all been identified in patients with malignant glioma [4,5,6].