Most of the genes that were hypermethylated in the pathways in cancer were APC, CTBP2, NFKBIA, SMAD2, COL4A1, CDK6, DAPK2, FGF12, FGF14, FGF21, IGF1R, LAMB3, as well as PIK3R1. Here, SMAD2 is linked to cancer.