HAVCR1 and cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia: Carmen et al. reviewed biomarkers of CIN and divided them into two categories: (1) functional biomarkers that can detect a decrease in kidney function with more sensitivity than creatinine, including cystatin C, and (2) structural kidney damage biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, liver-type fatty acid-binding protein, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) [15].