Ishikawa et al. showed in an animal model that chronic tolvaptan treatment significantly suppressed the upregulation of NADPH oxidase subunits including p22phox, and inhibited RhoA expression, phosphorylation, and MYPT-1 phosphorylation [22]; Novak et al. [23] reported that vascular endothelial cell protein expression of NF-κB was increased in ADPKD, consistent with the presence of local and systemic inflammation. The gene discussed is CYBA; the disease is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.