ADCYAP1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Per Shioda et al. [55], PACAP can increase or decrease the activity of glutamate ionotropic and metabotropic receptors [56] by activating Src protein tyrosine kinases, suggesting that PACAP regulates caloric intake by activating or inhibiting satiety circuits, like in the VMN; and appetite signals, in the NAc; suppressing homeostatic and hedonic feeding drives, which can be helpful towards developing a treatment for obesity and overeating.