TNF and infection: This infection is generally characterized by inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrotizing factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), chemokine (CX-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), and IL-8 (also known as chemokine (CX-C motif) ligand 8-CXCL8) [40].