In addition, we and others reported that inhibition of DPP4 enzymatic activity enhanced anti-tumor effects by preserving biologically active CXCL10 and increasing lymphocyte trafficking into tumors in C57BL/6 mice subcutaneously injected with B16F10 melanoma cells [8] and in a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related HCC mouse model (STAMTM mice) [11], respectively (Figure 2A). Here, CXCL10 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.