TGFB1 and cancer: EMT also contributes to tissue repair, but it adversely induces fibrosis and cancer progression through multiple signaling pathways, such as TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which was reported to trigger EMT [13].