This metabolic reprogramming led to glycolysis dependence, and knockdown of HIF-1α or pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 restored pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and repressed xenografted tumor growth in immunodeficient mice, suggesting a contribution of pyruvate dehydrogenase repression in pancreatic cancer progression [35]. This evidence concerns the gene PDK1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.