Furthermore, it has been observed that MEK5/ERK5 hyperactivation contributes to NF-κB mediated human colon cancer (CC) progression [58] and that MEKK3 hyperactivation in ovarian cancer and glioma cells resulted in increased NF-κB activation and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs [37,59]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and cholangiocarcinoma.